List of Tables and Figures

Tables

Table 18. Summary of plant remains from the Wall, Fredricks, and Mitchum sites (weights in grams).

Table 19. Percent of plant food remains from the Wall, Fredricks, and Mitchum sites.

Table 20. Ubiquity of plant remains, as percent of flotation samples at the Wall, Fredricks, and Mitchum sites.

Table 21. Seed counts from the Fredricks site.

Table 22. Seed counts from the Wall and Mitchum sites.

Table 23. Percent of nutshell from the Wall, Mitchum, and Fredricks sites.

Table 24. Comparison of plant remains from burials, features, and structures at the Fredricks site.

Table 25. Distribution of seeds from the Wall, Mitchum, and Fredricks sites (number per gram of plant food remains).

Figures: General

Figure 8. Excavated sites in the Hillsborough archaeological district.

Figure 9. Selected archaeological sites in northern North Carolina and southern Virginia.

Figure 37. Students using a flotation tank to retrieve carbonized plant remains.

================================================================================================================================ Wood Rhizome/ Hickory Acorn Walnut Total Seeds Charcoal Tuber Nutshell Meat Shell Corn | Soil Volume Total | | Plant | | | | | Provenience/ in Liters Plant | Unid. | Food | Acorn | Unid. | Peach | Common | Cucurbit Sample Type (Flotation) Remains | Plant | Remains | Shell | Nutmeat | Pit | Bean | Rind ================================================================================================================================ Wall Site Flotation Fea. Fill 71 18.84 16.86 0.84 - 1.14 0.74 0.20 0.08 - - - 0.06 - 0.06 - Bu. Fill 15 4.95 4.21 0.39 - 0.35 0.21 0.04 - - - - - 0.08 - 0.02 - Midden 200 107.34 68.11 8.09 - 31.14 23.07 2.76 0.23 0.23 1.10 - 3.14 0.25 0.36 - Midden (LF) 110 3.54 3.14 0.12 - 0.28 * * - - - - 0.26 - 0.02 - Sub-total 396 134.67 92.32 9.44 - 32.91 24.02 3.00 0.31 0.23 1.10 - 3.54 0.25 0.45 - Waterscreening Bu. Fill 85.33 73.88 4.02 - 7.43 5.18 0.45 - - - - 1.75 - 0.05 - Midden 23.37 16.16 1.28 0.05 5.88 3.82 0.33 - - - - 1.64 0.05 0.04 - Sub-total 108.70 90.04 5.30 0.05 13.31 9.00 0.78 - - - - 3.39 0.05 0.09 - Total 243.37 182.36 14.74 0.05 46.22 33.02 3.78 0.31 0.23 1.10 - 6.93 0.30 0.55 - Mitchum Site Flotation Fea. Fill 180 97.62 91.25 2.61 - 3.76 2.55 0.26 - - 0.04 0.31 0.37 - 0.23 - Bu. Fill 10 1.92 0.70 0.20 - 1.02 0.96 0.03 - - - - 0.03 - - - Sub-total 190 99.54 91.95 2.81 - 4.78 3.51 0.29 - - 0.04 0.31 0.40 - 0.23 - Waterscreening Fea. Fill 190.87 177.22 4.33 * 9.32 6.76 0.34 - - 0.30 1.08 0.61 - 0.22 0.01 Bu. Fill 2.34 1.82 - - 0.52 0.34 - - - - - 0.18 - - - Sub-total 193.21 179.04 4.33 * 9.84 7.10 0.34 - - 0.30 1.08 0.79 - 0.22 0.01 Total 292.75 270.99 7.14 * 14.62 10.61 0.63 - - 0.34 1.39 1.19 - 0.45 0.01 Fredricks Site Flotation Bu. Fill 477 95.67 70.18 4.40 - 21.09 14.49 0.14 0.05 - 0.63 0.86 4.27 0.10 0.53 0.02 Fea. 9 (Zone 1) 40 17.24 4.11 0.83 - 12.30 10.00 * - - 0.02 0.07 1.91 0.22 0.08 - Fea. 9 (Zone 1) 30 10.01 3.61 0.33 - 6.07 4.46 - - - - 0.15 1.37 0.05 0.04 - Fea. 9 (Zone 3) 70 113.89 51.89 2.97 - 59.03 15.81 0.29 - - 0.01 2.00 40.31 0.17 0.44 - Fea. 9 (All) 140 141.14 59.61 4.13 - 77.40 30.27 0.29 - - 0.03 2.22 43.59 0.44 0.56 - Structure 1 10 0.69 0.30 0.01 - 0.38 0.37 * - - - - 0.01 - - - Fea. 10-13 95.5 52.38 45.06 1.10 - 6.22 5.75 0.05 - - 0.04 0.14 0.17 0.04 0.03 - Sub-total 722.5 289.88 175.15 9.64 - 105.09 50.88 0.48 0.05 - 0.70 3.22 48.04 0.58 1.12 0.02 Waterscreening Bu. Fill 184.01 158.23 4.24 0.20 21.34 11.19 0.04 - - - 5.81 3.84 0.05 0.39 0.02 Total 473.89 333.38 13.88 0.20 126.43 62.07 0.52 0.05 - 0.70 9.03 51.88 0.63 1.51 0.04 ================================================================================================================================ Notes: * - less than 0.005 grams; LF=light fraction. Does not include cob-filled pits.

======================================================================================= Soil Vol. in Liters Hickory Acorn Walnut (Flot only) Nutshell Meat Shell Corn Seeds | Plant Food | | | | | Provenience/ | Remains | Acorn | Unid. | Peach | | Cucurbit Sample Type | (g) | Shell | Nutmeat | Pit | Bean | Rind ======================================================================================= Wall Site Flotation Feature Fill 71 1.14 64.9 17.5 7.0 - - - 5.3 - 5.3 - Burial Fill 15 0.35 60.0 11.4 - - - - 22.9 - 5.7 - Midden 200 31.14 74.1 8.9 0.7 0.7 3.5 - 10.0 0.8 1.2 - Midden(LF) 110 0.28 * * - - - - 92.9 - 7.1 - Sub-total 396 32.91 73.0 9.1 0.9 0.7 3.3 - 10.8 0.8 1.4 - Waterscreening Burial Fill 7.43 69.7 6.1 - - - - 23.6 - 0.7 - Midden 5.88 65.0 5.6 - - - - 27.9 0.9 0.7 - Sub-total 13.31 67.6 5.9 - - - - 25.5 0.8 0.3 - Total 46.22 71.4 8.2 0.7 0.5 2.4 - 15.0 0.8 1.1 - Mitchum Site Flotation Feature Fill 180 3.76 67.8 6.5 - - 1.1 8.2 9.6 - 6.1 - Burial Fill 10 1.02 94.1 2.9 - - - - 2.9 - - - Sub-total 190 4.78 73.4 6.1 - - 0.8 6.5 8.4 - 4.8 - Waterscreening Feature Fill 9.32 72.5 3.6 - - 3.2 11.6 6.5 - 2.4 0.1 Burial Fill 0.52 65.4 - - - - - 34.6 - - - Sub-total 9.84 72.2 3.5 - - 3.0 11.0 8.0 - 2.2 0.1 Total 14.62 72.6 4.3 - - 2.3 9.5 8.1 - 3.1 0.1 Fredricks Site Flotation Burial Fill 477 21.09 68.7 0.7 0.2 - 3.0 4.1 20.2 0.5 2.5 0.1 Fea. 9 (Zone 1) 40 12.30 81.3 * - - 0.2 0.6 15.5 1.8 0.7 - Fea. 9 (Zone 2) 30 6.07 73.5 - - - - 2.5 22.6 0.8 0.7 - Fea. 9 (Zone 3) 70 59.03 26.8 0.5 - - * 3.4 68.3 0.3 0.7 - Fea. 9 (All) 140 77.40 39.1 0.4 - - * 2.9 56.3 0.6 0.7 - Structure 1 10 0.38 97.4 * - - - - 2.6 - - - Fea. 10-13 95.5 6.22 92.4 0.8 - - 0.6 2.3 2.7 0.6 0.5 - Sub-total 722.5 105.09 48.4 0.5 * - 0.7 3.1 45.7 0.6 1.1 * Waterscreening Burial Fill 21.34 52.4 0.2 - - - 27.2 18.0 - 1.8 0.2 Total 126.43 49.1 0.4 * - 0.6 7.1 41.0 0.5 1.2 * ===================================================================================== Notes: * - trace; LF=light fraction.

================================================================================================================= Wall Site Fredricks Site Mitchum Site Taxon Features Burial Midden Total Burials Fea.10-13 Fea.9/Str.1 Total Burial/Features ================================================================================================================= Hickory 37.5 100.0 100.0 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Acorn 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 42.2 40.0 60.0 45.7 52.9 Walnut - - 50.0 33.3 6.6 10.0 13.3 8.6 5.9 Peach - - - - 28.9 30.0 60.0 35.7 23.5 Bean - - 35.0 23.3 11.1 10.0 73.3 24.3 - Cucurbit - - - - 4.4 - 6.7 4.2 - Corn 25.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 93.3 90.0 100.0 94.3 70.6 Grape - 50.0 65.0 46.7 8.9 10.0 53.3 18.6 - Hawthorn 12.5 - 5.0 6.7 - - 13.3 2.9 5.9 Blueberry - - - - 8.9 - - 5.7 - Bedstraw - - 5.0 3.3 2.2 - 20.0 5.7 5.9 Maypops - - 30.0 20.0 8.9 - 73.3 21.4 5.9 Sumac - - - - 2.2 - 13.3 4.2 - Persimmon - - 5.0 3.3 13.3 - - 8.6 - Nightshade Family 12.5 - - 3.3 11.1 - 6.7 8.6 5.9 Nightshade - - - - 2.2 10.0 - 2.9 - Groundcherry - - - - 2.2 - 13.3 4.2 - Grass Family - - - - 2.2 - 13.3 4.2 17.6 Spurge - - - - 2.2 - - 1.4 - Bramble - - - - - - 13.3 2.9 5.9 Poke - - 5.0 3.3 - - 20.0 4.2 - Chenopod - - - - - - 33.3 7.1 - Elderberry - - - - - - 6.7 1.4 - Legume Family 12.5 - 5.0 6.7 - - 6.7 1.4 - Morning Glory - - - - - 10.0 - - - Dogwood - - 5.0 3.3 - - - - - Pink Family 12.5 - - 3.3 - - - - - Bearsfoot 25.0 - - 6.7 - - - - - Maygrass - - - - - - - - 35.3 Unid. A - - - - - - - - 11.8 Little Barley - - - - - - - - 5.9 Barley/Fescue? - - - - - - - - 11.8 # of samples 8 2 20 30 45 10 15 70 17 ================================================================================================================= Notes: Based on flotation samples from which both lght and heavy fractions were analyzed.

===================================================================================== Flotation Burial Features Feature 9/ Waterscreen Taxon Fill 10-13 Structure 1 Total Total ===================================================================================== Ambrosia sp., Ragweed - - - 3 3 Chenopodium sp., Chenopod - - 18 - 18 Crataegus sp., Hawthorn 1 - 2 - 3 Cucurbita pepo L., "Squash" 2 - 1 - 3 Diospyros virginiana L., Persimmon 9 - - 7 16 Euphorbia maculata L., Spurge 1 - - - 1 Galium sp., Bedstraw 5 - 2 6 13 Ipomoea sp., Morning Glory - 2 - - 2 Passiflora incarnata L., Maypops 4 - 26 1 31 Physalis sp., Groundcherry 1 - 2 - 3 Phytolacca americana L., Pokeweed - - 6 - 6 Rhus sp., Sumac 1 - 2 1 4 Rubus sp., Bramble - - 3 2 5 Sambucus canadensis L., Elderberry - - 1 - 1 Solanum sp., Nightshade 1 1 - - 2 Vaccinium sp., Blueberry 9 - - - 9 Vitis sp., Grape 6 1 20 11 38 Fabaceae, Legume Family - - 1 - 1 Poaceae, Grass Family 1 - 2 - 3 Solanaceae, Nightshade Family 8 - 1 - 9 Unknown 23 4 24 9 60 Zea mays L., Corn Kernels 18 4 413 28 463 Cupules 299 8 203 204 714 Embryos - - 12 - 12 Phaseolus vulgaris L., Common Bean (Cotyledons) 4 - 14 2 20 =====================================================================================

================================================================================================================================ -------------------------Wall Site-------------------------------------Mitchum Site------------ | Flotation | | | Flotation Midden Flotation Flotation Water- | Flotation Flotation Water- | Taxon | Midden (LF Only) Burials Features screen Total | Burial Features screen Total | ================================================================================================================================ Centrosema virginiana L., Butterfly Pea - - - - - - - - 1 1 Chenopodium sp., Chenopod - 1 - - - 1 - - - - Cornus sp., Dogwood 1 - - - - 1 - - - - Crataegus sp., Hawthorn 1 - - 1 1 3 - 1 4 5 Diospyros virginiana L., Persimmon 1 - - - 2 3 - - 4 4 Galium sp., Bedstraw 1 - - - 1 2 - 1 - 1 Hordeum pusillum L., Little Barley - - - - - - - 13 - 13 Iva annua var macroscarpa Jackson, Sumpweed - - - - 1 1 - - - - Passiflora incarnata L., Maypops 8 - 1 - 1 10 - 1 4 5 Phalaris carolniana Walter, Maygrass - - - - - - - 440 - 440 Phytolacca americana L., Poke - - - 1 - 1 - - - - Polymnia uvedalia L., Bearsfoot - - - 2 - 2 - - - - Rubus sp., Bramble - - - - - - - 1 - 1 Vitis sp., Grape 21 - 1 - 1 23 - - 5 5 Unknown 26 47 - 2 2 77 - 19 5 24 Unidentified Type A - - - - - - - 11 - 11 Barley/Fescue? - - - - - - - 14 - 14 Caryophyllaceae, Pink Family - - - 1 - 1 - - - - Favaceae, Legume Family 1 - - - 1 2 - - - - Poaceae, Grass Family - - - - - - - 30 - 30 Solanaceae, Nightshade Family - - - 1 - 1 - - - - Zea mays L., Corn Cupules 196 30 7 4 263 500 1 21 30 52 Kernels 26 1 - 1 21 49 1 6 11 18 Phaseolus vulgaris L., Common Bean (Cotyledons) 8 - - - 1 9 - - - - ================================================================================================================================

================================================================================================================================= Upper Burial Fill Lower Burial Fill Feature 9 | Bu. 4 Bu. 5 Bu. 8 | | | Features | Structure | Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 | Bu.4 Bu.5 Bu.8 | Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 3b | 10-13 | 1 ================================================================================================================================= Liters of Fill 20 30 20 70 62 98 40 30 70 10 95.5 10 Plant Food Remains (g) 1.40 2.94 1.85 1.25 1.37 4.43 12.30 6.07 59.03 8.15 6.22 0.38 Hickory (%) 74.3 65.6 67.0 86.4 54.7 77.9 81.3 73.5 26.8 3.4 92.4 97.4 Acorn (%) * - 0.5 - 2.2 0.2 * - 0.5 - 0.8 * Peach Pit (%) 1.4 9.9 3.8 - - 3.6 0.6 2.5 3.4 - 2.3 - Walnut (%) 4.3 - - - - 0.7 0.2 - * - 0.6 - Corn Cuplules (%) 18.6 21.8 23.2 11.2 29.9 13.5 6.5 8.1 5.8 0.5 1.8 - Kernels (%) * 2.7 * * 2.9 0.7 9.0 14.5 62.4 95.8 1.1 2.6 Common Bean (%) 0.7 - 0.5 1.6 - 1.4 1.8 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.0 - Seeds (%) * * 4.9 * 6.6 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 * 0.5 - Seeds "Squash" - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - Unidentified 1 2 5 2 - 3 3 1 19 - 4 1 Maypops 1 - 1 - - 1 4 2 20 1 - - Blueberry 1 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - Grape - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 18 - 1 - Persimmon - - 1 - 1 3 - - - - - - Sumac - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Nightshade Family - - - - - - 1 - - - - - Grass Family - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - - Spurge - - - - - 1 - - - - - - Hawthorn - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - Chenopod - - - - - - - - 17 - - 1 Elder - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Bramble - - - - - - 2 - 1 - - - Groundcherry - - - - - - - - 2 - - - Legume Family - - - - - - - - 1 - - - Bedstraw - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - Poke - - - - - - 1 2 3 - - - Nightshade - - - - - - - - - - 1 - Morning Glory - - - - - - - - - - 2 - ================================================================================================================================= Note: * - trace.

=================================================================================== Seed Type Wall Site Mitchum Site Fredricks Site =================================================================================== Plant Food Remains (g) 32.63 4.78 105.09 Tropical Cultigens Corn Kernels 0.83 1.46 4.14 Corn Cupules 6.13 4.39 4.85 Bean Cotyledons 0.28 - 0.17 Cucurbit - - 0.03 Native Grains Legume Family 0.06 - * Maygrass - 92.05 - Little Barley - 2.72 - Barley/Fescue - 2.93 - Grass Family - 6.69 0.03 Chenopod - - 0.17 Sumpweed 0.03 - - Fleshy Fruits Grape 0.64 - 0.26 Maypops 0.25 0.21 0.29 Hawthorn 0.06 0.21 0.03 Persimmon 0.03 - 0.08 Bramble - 0.21 0.03 Blueberry - - 0.09 Sumac - - 0.03 Nightshade - - 0.02 Groundcherry - - 0.03 Nightshade Family 0.03 - 0.09 Elderberry - - * Greens Poke 0.03 - 0.06 Miscellaneous Bedstraw 0.03 0.21 0.07 Dogwood 0.03 - - Pink Family 0.03 - - Bearsfoot 0.06 - - Unid. Type A - 2.30 - Spurge - - * Morning Glory - - 0.02 =================================================================================== Notes: Based on flotation samples from which both light and heavy fractions were analyzed; * - trace.